Indlela yokuthelekisa i-CNC Spindles njengoMthengi oyiNgcali

Indlela yokuthelekisa i-CNC Spindles njengoMthengi oyiNgcali: Impendulo eKhawulezayo

Uthelekiso lobuchwephesha lwe-CNC spindle luqala ngesicelo somatshini, hayi ikowuteshini yomthengisi. Chaza izinto eziphathekayo, ubungakanani be-cutter, ukusebenza, uluhlu olufunekayo lwe-RPM, imfuno ye-torque, umjikelezo womsebenzi, ujongano lwesixhobo, ukuchaneka, ukupholisa, inkqubo yombane, isakhiwo somatshini, kunye nethagethi yokuvelisa kuqala. Emva koko thelekisa iimodeli zokusonta ngokuchasene nemfuneko efanayo.

Musa ukuthelekisa i-spindles kuphela nge-kW, ubuninzi be-RPM, i-brand ephetheyo, okanye ixabiso. Iimodeli ezimbini ezinegunya elifanayo lentloko kunye nesantya zinokuziphatha ngendlela ehluke kakhulu ngenxa yesigxina se-torque, isantya sesiseko, ukulinganiswa komsebenzi oqhubekayo, ukulungiswa kokuthwala, ukulayishwa kwangaphambili, ukuphuma, ukulinganisela, ukupholisa, ujongano lwesixhobo, iimfuno ze-VFD, kunye nenkqubo yokulawula umgangatho.

Umgaqo womthengi wobuchwephesha: thelekisa wonke umthengisi kwiphepha elifanayo lesicelo kunye neemeko ezifanayo zokuvavanya ukwamkelwa. Ukuba umniki-nkonzo omnye ucaphula kuphela '5.5 kW, 24,000 RPM' ngelixa omnye ebonelela ngesantya esikalisiweyo, itorque, umlinganiselo womsebenzi, indlela yokuphuma, iimfuno zokupholisa, idatha yeVFD, uqwalaselo, ubunzima, kunye neerekhodi zovavanyo, iikowuteshini azikalingani ngokobugcisa.

Cela uthelekiso lwe-CNC Spindle

1. Qala ngeSicelo phambi kokuthelekisa iiNgcaciso

I-spindle efanayo ayifanelekanga ngokulinganayo ukukrola umthi, i-aluminiyam yomzila, i-composites yokusika, ukugrumba imingxuma emikhulu, ukugqiba ukubumba, okanye ukuqhuba isixhobo esizenzekelayo sokutshintsha izixhobo. Ngaphambi kokuba ucele iikowuteshini, yenza ingcaciso yesicelo ibe nye ekufuneka umthengisi ngamnye aphendule ngayo.

I-Material yodwa ayikhethi i-Spindle

Imithetho elula efana 'neplanga ifuna i-RPM ephezulu' kunye 'ne-steel idinga i-torque ephezulu' iluncedo kodwa ibanzi kakhulu ekuthengeni. Umsiki wedayamitha kunye neqhinga lomatshini unokutshintsha impendulo. Umsiki omncinci we-aluminium unokufuna i-RPM ephezulu, ngelixa isixhobo esikhulu sokujonga phezulu emthini sinokwenza imfuno enkulu yetorque.

2. Thelekisa amandla, iTorque, isantya esilinganiselweyo, kunye nesantya esiphezulu kunye

Amandla yenye yezona nkcukacha zilula ukuthelekisa kwaye enye yezona zinto zilula ukuyisebenzisa kakubi. I-5.5 kW spindle ayinikezeli i-5.5 kW kuluhlu olupheleleyo lwesantya. Abathengi abaziingcali babuza ukuba amandla alinganisiweyo afumaneka phi kunye nendlela itorque etshintsha ngayo ngaphantsi nangaphezulu kwesantya sesiseko.

Ubudlelwane obuluncedo:

Torque (N·m) = 9550 × Amandla (kW) ÷ Isantya (RPM)

Sebenzisa olu budlelwane kuphela ngamandla akhoyo ngeso santya. I-headline kW rating ngokwayo ayilona igophe letorque epheleleyo.

Isantya esilinganiselweyo asifani nesantya esiphezulu

I-spindle inokuba nesantya esilinganiselwe esisezantsi kunesantya esiphezulu saso. Isantya esilinganiselweyo/isiseko sibalulekile kuba siyanceda ukuchaza amandla emoto kunye nokuziphatha kwetorque. Cela ijiko lamandla etorque nanini na xa usetyenziso lubandakanya ukusika kakhulu, izisiki ezinkulu, ukugrumba, ukucofa, okanye ukusebenza ngesantya esiphantsi kakhulu.

Thelekisa iiReyithingi eziqhubekayo neziNgesiThupha

Ababoneleli be-Industrial spindle banokupapasha amanqanaba omsebenzi awahlukeneyo afana nomsebenzi oqhubekayo we-S1 kunye noreyithingi lwethutyana olunje nge-S6. Musa ukuthelekisa imveliso yomboneleli ephakathi kunye nemveliso eqhubekayo yomnye umniki-nkonzo. Cela umboneleli ngamnye ukuba achaze inkcazo yomsebenzi encanyathiselwe kumandla acatshulweyo kunye namaxabiso etorque.

3. Thelekisa i-Runout nge-Measurement Method, hayi ngenani lodwa

Ukuphela kuchaphazela ubomi besixhobo, ukugqitywa komphezulu, ukusebenza kwesixhobo esincinci, kunye nokuphindaphinda inkqubo. Kodwa ingxelo yomboneleli efana ne 'runout ≤0.005 mm' ayigqibekanga ngaphandle kokuba indawo yomlinganiselo kunye noseto luchaziwe.

Buza ukuba ixabiso lilinganiswe kwi-spindle taper engenanto, impumlo yokusonta, ikholethi, ibha yovavanyo, okanye indawo yokusika isixhobo. Kwakhona buza idiamitha yebha yovavanyo, ubude begeyiji, imeko yokusonta, isixhobo somlinganiselo, kunye nokuba ixabiso limele iyunithi yomntu okanye ingcaciso yemveliso.

Khumbula lonke Ikhonkco lokubaleka

Ishafti yokusonta → iteyitha/ujongano → isibambi sesixhobo → ikholethi/ichuck → isixhobo sokusika . Ujongano ngalunye lungongeza impazamo. I-spindle echanekileyo ayinakuhlawulela isibambi esonakeleyo, i-taper engcolileyo, i-collet egugileyo, i-gent cutter, okanye ingqikelelo yesixhobo esigqithisileyo.

4. Thelekisa iNkqubo yokuThwala, hayi nje iNqanawa yokuTyalwa

Ukuthwala uphawu kunokubaluleka, kodwa akwanelanga ukuqikelela ukusebenza kwe-spindle. Uthelekiso lobuchwephesha lubandakanya uhlobo lokuthwala, ilungiselelo, iklasi yokuchaneka, i-angle yoqhagamshelwano, izinto zebhola, ukulayishwa kwangaphambili, ukuthambisa, inkqubo yofakelo, uyilo lwe-thermal, kunye nendlela i-spindle edibeneyo ivavanywa ngayo.

5. Thelekisa ibhalansi yeDynamic kwisantya sokuSebenza sangempela

Ibhalansi ye-Dynamic iya ibaluleke kakhulu njengoko isantya se-spindle, ubunzima besixhobo, i-diameter yesibambi, kunye nokwanda kobude begeyiji. Ukungalingani kudala amandla e-centrifugal anokonyusa ukungcangcazela, ukunciphisa umgangatho womphezulu, ukunciphisa ubomi besixhobo, kunye nokunyusa umthwalo othwele i-spindle.

Musa ukuphatha ileyibhile yebhalansi efana ne 'G2.5' njengempendulo epheleleyo. Buza isantya esihambelana nemeko yebhalansi, ingaba inkcazo ibhekisela kwi-spindle rotor, umnikazi wesixhobo, okanye ukudibanisa okupheleleyo okujikelezayo, kwaye yintoni ubuninzi besixhobo / ubungakanani kunye nobude be-gauge buvunyelwe.

Amaxwebhu aBalance aluncedo

• Isantya sovavanyo okanye isantya esiphezulu esivunyiweyo sokusebenza

• Intsalela yokungalungelelani okanye inqobo yokulinganisa esebenzayo

• Rotor / spindle / isibambi uqwalaselo luyavavanywa

• Ubuninzi besixhobo okanye ubunzima bomphathi

• Ubuninzi begeyiji yobude okanye ukuxhoma

• Nokuba idatha ingqamene neyunithi okanye ixabiso lekhathalogu ngokubanzi

6. Thelekisa i-Tool Interface kunye ne-Tooling Ecosystem

I-spindle interface imisela ukuba zeziphi izixhobo ezinokusetyenziswa, zitshintshwa njani izixhobo, bungakanani ubunzima besixhobo esinokusixhasa, kwaye leliphi inqanaba lokuzisebenzela kunye nokuphinda-phinda okusebenzayo.

Musa uku-odola i-ATC spindle ngokubhala kuphela 'HSK' okanye 'BT spindle.' Qinisekisa ujongano oluchanekileyo, ubungakanani, isimbo sesibambi, inkqubo yokudibanisa esecaleni komatshini, ingqiqo yoluvo, iimfuno zokukhutshwa kwesixhobo, kunye nenkqubo ye-ecosystem esele isetyenziswa ngumthengi.

7. Thelekisa ukuPholisa kunye neSakhono sokuSebenza ngokuqhubekayo

I-spindles epholileyo yomoya kunye ne-liquid-cooled ingasebenza kakuhle xa ikhethwe ngokuchanekileyo. Abathengi abachwephesha bathelekisa umthamo wokupholisa ngokuchasene namandla, ubushushu be-ambient, iimeko ezivalelekileyo, iiyure zokusebenza, isantya se-spindle, kunye nomthwalo wokusika-hayi nje 'moya ngokuchasene namanzi.'

8. Thelekisa i-VFD kunye nokuhambelana koMbane

Iispindle ezimbini ezine-kW ezifanayo kunye ne-RPM zinokufuna useto lombane olwahlukileyo. Qinisekisa umlinganiselo ochanekileyo wombane, okwangoku, isigaba, ukuphindaphinda okulinganisiweyo, ubuninzi befrikhwensi, ukubalwa kwepoleni apho kufanelekileyo, ukugquma kunye neemfuno zenzwa, kunye nomthamo weVFD ohambelanayo.

• I-voltage elinganisiweyo kunye neyangoku

• Ilinganiswe / isiseko sobuninzi

• Ubuninzi befrikhwensi

• Ubalo lwepali yemoto okanye ukwakhiwa kweemoto apho kufanelekileyo

• Imfuno ye-encoder

• Imfuno yenzwa yobushushu

• Imo yolawulo ye-VFD kunye neenkcukacha zokugunyazisa

• Ubude bekhebula, uhlobo lwesinxibelelanisi, ukumisa kunye neemfuno ze-EMC

Kubakhi oomatshini be-OEM, idatha yombane kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngaphambi kokumiswa koyilo lomatshini. Kubathengi abatshintshayo, ungaze ucinge ukuba i-VFD ekhoyo ifanelekile kuphela kuba i-spindle entsha inamandla afanayo.

9. Thelekisa ubukhulu, ubunzima, ukukhwela, kunye nokudibanisa komatshini

I-spindle enkulu inokubonelela nge-torque engaphezulu, iibheringi ezinkulu, okanye umthamo ongcono we-thermal, kodwa yongeza ubunzima kwi-Z-axis kwaye inokufuna intaba enkulu, izikhokelo zemigca ezomeleleyo, ukulinganisa okwahlukileyo, i-Z-axis drive enamandla ngakumbi, kunye nesithuba senkonzo esongezelelweyo.

10. Kwi-ATC Spindles, Thelekisa iSixokelelwano soTshintsho lweSixhobo esipheleleyo

I-ATC spindle ayisiyonjini kuphela enetaper yesixhobo. Ukutshintsha kwesixhobo esizenzekelayo esithembekileyo sixhomekeke kwi-drawbar okanye kwi-clamping mechanism, i-spring stack, i-gripper, ukukhululwa kwe-pneumatic, ukucocwa kwe-taper, i-sensors, umgangatho womoya, i-PLC logic, i-geometry yesibambi, kunye nemagazini yesixhobo.

Idatha ye-ATC yokuthelekisa

• Ujongano oluchanekileyo lwesixhobo kunye nomgangatho wesibambi

• Ukukhutshwa kwesixhobo soxinzelelo lomoya kunye nemfuno yomgangatho womoya

• Ugcino lwesixhobo / ukucaciswa kogcino

• Ubuninzi besixhobo sobambi kunye nobude begeyiji

• Isixhobo esibambelweyo, esinganyanzelwanga, kunye nengqiqo yesivamvo sokuqhelaniswa

• Ukucoca i-taper okanye imfuneko yokucoca umoya

• Imida yomjikelo wokutshintsha isixhobo kunye nezinto zolondolozo

• Ukuhambelana nomlawuli wabathengi, i-PLC kunye nemagazini yesixhobo

11. Thelekisa uVavanyo loKwamkeleka, hayi amaBango eNtengiso

Umthengi oyingcali ujika amabango ekhathalogu ebalulekileyo kwiikhrayitheriya zokwamkelwa ezinokulinganiswa. Injongo asikokufuna amaphepha angeyomfuneko; kukuqinisekisa ukuba wonke umniki-nkonzo uyathelekiswa kusetyenziswa ubungqina obulinganayo.

Iisampulu zoVavanyo kwiSicelo sokwenyani xa iProjekthi iyingqinela

Kwiiprogram ze-OEM, iinkqubo zokusabalalisa, okanye ukuthengwa kwe-spindle ephezulu, isampuli kufuneka ihlolwe phantsi komatshini omele, i-VFD, inkqubo yokupholisa, i-tooling kunye nomjikelezo wokuvelisa. Uvavanyo lwebhentshi kunye novavanyo lwangempela lokusika luphendula imibuzo eyahlukeneyo.

12. Thelekisa uMboneleli we-Spindle we-CNC ngononophelo njenge-Spindle

I-spindle efanelekileyo ngokobugcisa isenokuba yingxaki yokuthengwa kwempahla ukuba imizobo ayihambelani, iiyunithi ezitshintshileyo zitshintsha ngaphandle kwesaziso, iirekhodi zovavanyo azifumaneki, amaxesha okukhokela angazinzanga, okanye inkxaso yobunjineli iyanyamalala emva kokuthunyelwa.

13. Thelekisa Iindleko zizonke zobunini, hayi iYunithi yexabiso lodwa

Umthengi oyingcali wahlula ixabiso lokuthenga kwiindleko zokuphila. I-spindle enexabiso eliphantsi inokuba yeyona nto ingcono yokuthenga ukuba idibana nenkqubo ngokuthembekileyo; I-spindle enexabiso eliphezulu inokuba yeyona nto ingcono yokuthenga ukuba inciphisa ixesha lokuphumla, ilahleko yezixhobo, i-scrap, umsebenzi wofakelo, okanye ukuphindaphinda kokutshintsha.

Isakhelo se-TCO esilula: Ukuthengwa kwe-Spindle + ukuhlanganiswa + impembelelo yesixhobo + ukugcinwa okucwangcisiweyo + ukulungiswa okulindelweyo + ixesha lokuphumla + i-scrap + ulungiselelo lokubuyisela - ixabiso elishiyekileyo. Sebenzisa ixesha lovavanyo olufanayo kumniki-nkonzo ngamnye.

Uluhlu lwe-CNC Spindle RFQ yokuHlola yee-OEM, abasasazi, kunye nabaThumela kwelinye ilizwe

Thumela i-RFQ yakho ye-Spindle ye-CNC

Iiflegi eziBomvu xa uthelekisa iCNC Spindle quotes

• Amandla adwelisiwe kodwa umsebenzi oqhubekayo/owethutyana awuchazwanga.

• Ubuninzi be-RPM zidwelisiwe kodwa isantya esithelekelelwayo okanye uluhlu lokusebenza oluluncedo abukho.

• I-torque ishiywe kwisicelo esixhomekeke kumandla aphantsi / phakathi kwesantya sokusika.

• Ukubaleka kucatshulwe ngaphandle kokuchaza ukuba kulinganiswa phi kwaye njani.

• 'Iibheringi zeCeramic' ziyapapashwa kodwa ukuthwala, ukulayishwa kwangaphambili kunye nokuthambisa akucaciswanga.

• 'G2.5 ibhalansi' ichazwe ngaphandle kwesantya esihambelanayo okanye ulungelelwaniso olujikelezayo.

• Ucaphulo lwe-ATC spindle aluchazi ujongano lwesixhobo, iimfuno zomoya, abenzi boluvo okanye imida yesixhobo.

• Akukho mzobo onomlinganiselo obonelelweyo ngaphambi kokuvunywa kwe-OEM.

• Ukuseta i-VFD iphathwa njengendalo iphela kuzo zonke iimotor ezahlukeneyo zokusonta.

• Umnikezeli akakwazi ukubonelela ngokuhlolwa okuphindaphindiweyo okanye inkqubo yokwamkelwa kwee-odolo zemveliso.

Uyivavanya njani i-Zhong Hua Jiang Spindle kwiSicelo sakho

I-Zhong Hua Jiang inikezela nge-air-cooled, i-water-cooled, i-manual-tool-change, i-speed-speed kunye ne-ATC spindle configuration for CNC applications. Xa uthelekisa imodeli yeZhong Hua Jiang kunye nomnye umboneleli, sebenzisa isakhelo sobuchule esifanayo esichazwe ngasentla kunokuthelekisa izihloko zekhathalogu zodwa.

Ukuthelekisa isicelo-specific, unikeze uhlobo lomatshini, izinto ezijoliswe kuyo, i-diameter ye-cutter eqhelekileyo, i-RPM efunekayo, umjikelezo womsebenzi, i-interface yesixhobo, i-voltage, i-VFD, indawo yokupholisa, imilinganiselo yokunyuka, kunye naluphi na ukukhutshwa okanye iimfuno zokuvelisa. Kwiiprojekthi zokutshintsha, bandakanya i-nameplate ekhoyo yokusonta kunye nomzobo womatshini xa ukhona.

Kwi-OEM, i-wholesale, okanye iiprojekthi zokusasaza, zichaza kwakhona umthamo wonyaka olindelekileyo, iimfuno zamaxwebhu, isicwangciso sokuqinisekisa isampula, ulindelo lwewaranti, isicwangciso se-spare-parts, ukupakishwa kunye neemfuno zolungiselelo. Oku kuvumela ukuthelekiswa kobugcisa kunye norhwebo ukuba kwenzeke kwisiseko esifanayo.

Fumana iModel-by-Model Spindle Comparison

FAQ Malunga nokuthelekisa CNC Spindles

Zeziphi iinkcukacha endimele ndithelekise kuqala xa ndithenga i-CNC spindle?

Qala ngesicelo, uze uqhathanise amandla aqhubekayo, i-torque kwisantya esifunekayo, ilinganiswe kunye ne-RPM ephezulu, umjikelezo womsebenzi, i-interface yesixhobo, i-runout, inkqubo yokuthwala, ukupholisa, ukuhambelana kombane / i-VFD, ubukhulu kunye nobunzima. Ixabiso kufuneka lithelekiswe emva kokumiselwa kokulingana kobugcisa.

Ngaba i-high-kW CNC spindle ihlala ingcono?

Hayi Amandla aphezulu anokongeza umthamo wokusika, kodwa wongeza ubunzima, imfuno yombane kunye neemfuno zokupholisa. Isakhiwo somatshini kunye nenkqubo yokusika kufuneka ikwazi ukusebenzisa umthamo ongezelelweyo. Thelekisa amandla kunye netorque, isantya esilinganiselweyo kunye nomjikelo womsebenzi.

Kutheni le nto ijiko letorque elisontayo libalulekile?

Ijika letorque libonisa ukuba mangaphi amandla ajikelezayo akhoyo kulo lonke isantya. Iispindle ezimbini ezinamandla amakhulu afanayo zinokusebenza ngokwahlukileyo kakhulu kwi-RPM ephantsi okanye ephakathi. Oku kubalulekile kubasiki abakhulu, ukusika okunzulu kunye nemathiriyeli enzima.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-RPM ehleliweyo kunye ne-RPM ephezulu?

Isantya esilinganiselweyo okanye isiseko siyindawo ebalulekileyo yokusebenza yemoto ehambelana namandla kunye nokuziphatha kwe-torque, ngelixa i-RPM ephezulu yeyona santya siphezulu esivunyiweyo sokujikeleza. Uthelekiso lobuchwephesha lusebenzisa zombini amaxabiso kwaye, apho kuyimfuneko, ijiko elipheleleyo lamandla etorque.

Kufuneka kuthelekiswe njani ukuphuma kwe-spindle?

Thelekisa ukuphuma kuphela xa indlela yokulinganisa ilingana. Buza apho kulinganiswa khona, yintoni ibha yokuvavanya okanye isixhobo esisetyenzisiweyo, ubude bokulinganisa, izixhobo zokulinganisa kunye nokuba ixabiso liyinkcazo yemveliso eqinisekisiweyo okanye umphumo wesampuli.

Ngaba iibheringi ze-ceramic zingcono ngokuzenzekelayo kwi-spindle ye-CNC?

Hayi. Iibheringi ze-ceramic ze-Hybrid zinokubonelela ngesantya esiphezulu, kodwa ukusebenza kwe-spindle kuxhomekeke kwilungiselelo lokuthwala, ukulayishwa kwangaphambili, ukuthambisa, ukupholisa, umgangatho wendibano kunye nomthwalo wokusika. Inkqubo epheleleyo yokuthwala kufuneka ithelekiswe.

Ngaba i-G2.5 ibhalansi eguquguqukayo ngokwaneleyo ukuthelekisa ii-spindles ezimbini?

Hayi ngokwayo. Buza ngesantya esingakanani ikhrayitheriya yebhalansi esebenzayo, ngawaphi amalungu ajikelezayo aqukiweyo, kwaye bobuphi ubunzima bomphathi wesixhobo kunye nobude begeyiji evumelekileyo. Ibhalansi yesantya esiphezulu kufuneka ivavanywe kumxholo wenkqubo epheleleyo yokujikeleza.

Ngaba ndifanele ndikhethe i-spindle epholise umoya okanye epholiswe ngamanzi?

Khetha ngokusekwe kuyilo lokusonta, umjikelo womsebenzi, ubushushu be-ambient, indawo ebiyelweyo yomatshini, isakhono sokugcina, iimfuno zengxolo kunye neziseko zokupholisa ezikhoyo. Akukho nanye indlela yokupholisa ephezulu ngokuzenzekela kwisicelo ngasinye.

Ndimele ndithelekise ntoni xa uthenga i-ATC spindle?

Ukongeza kumandla, i-torque, isantya kunye neebheringi, qinisekisa i-interface yomnini wesixhobo esichanekileyo, i-clamping system, i-tool-release air pressure, i-sensors, i-taper yokucoca, ubunzima besixhobo, ubude be-gauge, ukuhambelana komlawuli / i-PLC kunye nokudibanisa imagazini yesixhobo.

I-OEM inokuthelekisa njani ababoneleli ababini be-spindle ngokufanelekileyo?

Thumela bobabini ababoneleli ngeenkcukacha zesicelo esifanayo kunye noluhlu lokukhangela lwe-RFQ, lufuna iinkcazo ezifanayo zobugcisa, iisampulu zovavanyo phantsi kweemeko ezithelekisekayo, kwaye uthelekise iindleko zomjikelo wobomi, amaxwebhu, ulawulo lomgangatho, inkxaso yobunjineli, ixesha elikhokelayo kunye nenkxaso yamacandelo kunye nexabiso leyunithi.

Isiphelo: Thelekisa i-CNC Spindles njengeeNkqubo eziGqibeleleyo

Ukuthenga i-spindle yobuchwephesha ayikokufumana elona nani likhulu le-kW, eyona RPM iphezulu, olona phawu lunexabiso eliphezulu, okanye eyona kowuteshini isezantsi. Kumalunga nokutshatisa inkqubo epheleleyo yokusonta kwinkqubo echaziweyo yomatshini kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba umthengisi unokuzisa loo msebenzi ngokungaguqukiyo.

Uthelekiso olunamandla ludibanisa ukufaneleka kwesicelo, amandla kunye nokuziphatha kwe-torque, ukukwazi ukuqhubeka nomsebenzi, uluhlu lwesantya se-spindle, inkqubo yokuthwala, i-ruout, ibhalansi eguqukayo, i-tooling interface, ukupholisa, ukuhambelana kwe-VFD, ukuhlanganiswa komatshini, ubungqina bokuvavanya, amandla omthengisi kunye neendleko ezipheleleyo zobunini.

Nje ukuba zonke iikowuteshini ziqheleke kwiimfuno ezifanayo zobugcisa nezentengiso, umahluko phakathi kwabaniki-nkonzo usiba lula kakhulu ukuwuhlola-kwaye umngcipheko wokukhetha umjikelo ojongeka kakuhle ephepheni kodwa ungasebenzi kakuhle kwimveliso wehla kakhulu.

Qhagamshelana noZhong Hua Jiang kuKhetho lweSpindle