Imyaka 20 ya Engineer Ubwoba bukomeye: Uburyo abakiriya bakoresha nabi spindles

Nyuma yo kumara imyaka 20 ishushanya, igerageza, ikosora, kandi rimwe na rimwe icyunamo, hari ukuri kutoroheye buri injeniyeri w'inararibonye asangiye ariko gake avuga mu ijwi riranguruye: imashini ntizinanirwa kenshi nkuko abantu babinanira. Niba spindles ishobora kuvuga, birashoboka ko bavuza induru mbere yuko bavunika. Niba kandi abajenjeri bari inyangamugayo rwose, ubwoba bwabo bukomeye ntabwo ari kubara bigoye, kwihanganira cyane, cyangwa intego yibikorwa byumusaruro - nuburyo abakiriya bakoresha spindle imashini imaze kuva muruganda.

Kubakiriya, spindle nikindi gice kizunguruka. Kanda gutangira, gabanya ibikoresho, hitamo umusaruro, subiramo. Biroroshye, sibyo? Kuri injeniyeri, nubwo, spindle numutima wimashini ya mashini. Nuburinganire bworoshye bwibintu bifatika, imyitwarire yubushyuhe, siyanse yo gusiga, kugenzura ibinyeganyega, hamwe nihungabana ryibintu. Ufate neza, kandi bizagenda neza mumyaka. Kubikoresha nabi, ndetse utabizi - kandi bihinduka igisasu cyigihe.

Iyi blog ntabwo yanditse kubiryozwa cyangwa gutanga ibiganiro. Byanditswe uhereye kumuntu wabonye amakosa amwe asubirwamo mu nganda, ibihugu, hamwe nuburambe. Yaba ari mushya-mushya cyangwa umuyobozi ushinzwe ubunararibonye, ​​gukoresha nabi spindles bikurikiza uburyo buteganijwe. Kandi ibyo bishushanyo nibyo rwose bituma abajenjeri b'inararibonye baba maso nijoro.

Reka dusubize inyuma umwenda hanyuma tuvugishe ukuri uburyo abakiriya bakoresha nabi spindle - n'impamvu itera ubwoba injeniyeri kuruta ikibazo cyose cyashizweho.

Umutima wimashini zisobanutse

Icyo Spindle ikora

Urebye, uruziga rusa n'uburiganya bworoshye. Irazunguruka. Nibyo. Ariko ibyo ni nko kuvuga umutima wumuntu 'kuvoma amaraso gusa. ' Umuzunguruko ufite inshingano zo guhindura imbaraga za moteri mukugenda neza, kugenzurwa no kugumana ukuri kurwego rwa micron munsi yumutwaro ukabije, umuvuduko, nubushyuhe.

Imbere muri spindle, ibintu byose bifite akamaro. Kubyara preload. Ibikoresho. Amavuta yo kwisiga. Gushyushya. Ndetse na microscopique iringaniza irashobora guhinduka ihindagurika ryangiza kuri RPM yo hejuru. Ba injeniyeri bashushanya ibintu kugirango bakore mu ibahasha yihariye - intera yihuta, imipaka yimitwaro, inzinguzingo zakazi, hamwe nubushyuhe bwa Windows. Injira hanze yizo mipaka, kandi physics ireke kubabarira.

Spindle ntabwo izunguruka ibikoresho gusa; isobanura ubuso burangiye, uburinganire buringaniye, ubuzima bwibikoresho, hamwe nubwizerwe bwimashini. Iyo kuzunguruka binaniwe, umusaruro ntutinda gusa - birahagarara. Niyo mpamvu rero injeniyeri yitaye kuri buri kantu, azi neza ko iyo spindle imaze kugera kubakiriya, igenzura ryagiye.

Impamvu Abashakashatsi Bubaha Spindles Kurenza Ibindi Bigize

Baza injeniyeri uwo ari we wese ufite uburambe bwimyaka mirongo ibice bigize imashini bafata bubaha cyane, kandi amahirwe ni igisubizo ni spindle. Ntabwo ari ukubera ko bihenze cyane - nubwo akenshi ari - ariko kubera ko byumva nabi gukoresha nabi.

Bitandukanye n'amakadiri cyangwa amazu, spindles ntishobora kwihanganira guhohoterwa bucece. Baribuka. Kurenza urugero muri iki gihe ntibishobora gutera gutsindwa ako kanya, ariko bigabanya kubyara ubuzima. Gusimbuka gususuruka ntibishobora kwerekana ibimenyetso nyuma y'amezi. Ba injeniyeri bazi ko kunanirwa kwa spindle atari impanuka zitunguranye - ni ingaruka ziterwa no kwangirika.

Nibyo bituma gukoresha nabi nabi biteye ubwoba. Spindle irashobora gukomeza kwiruka, itanga umutekano mubi, mugihe ibyangiritse byimbere bikura bucece. Mugihe ibimenyetso bigaragara, ibyangiritse akenshi ntibisubirwaho. Kuri injeniyeri, ibyo ni nko kureba ibiza bigenda buhoro nta buryo bwo gutabara.

Ikinyuranyo hagati yubushakashatsi bugamije nukuri-kwisi

Uburyo Abashakashatsi Bashushanya Spindles nuburyo Abakiriya Mubyukuri Babikoresha

Ba injeniyeri bashushanya ibintu bishingiye kubitekerezo byasobanuwe neza. Fungura imyirondoro. Gukata imbaraga. Umuvuduko wo gukora. Inshingano. Ibidukikije. Ibi bitekerezo byanditse, birageragejwe, kandi byemejwe. Ku mpapuro, ibintu byose bikora neza.

Noneho ukuri kuraba.

Abakiriya bakunze gukoresha spindles cyane kurenza uko byateganijwe. Basunika ibikoresho cyane kugirango bubahirize igihe ntarengwa. Basibye inzira zisabwa kugirango babike umwanya. Bakeka ko umutekano wanyuma utagira iherezo. Urebye kubijyanye na injeniyeri, iki cyuho kiri hagati yimigambi yo gushushanya nukuri kwisi niho ibibazo bitangirira.

Spindle ntabwo izi ko isunikwa kubyara umusaruro cyangwa inyungu. Izi gusa guhangayika, ubushyuhe, no kunyeganyega. Iyo imikoreshereze irenze igishushanyo mbonera, gutsindwa ntabwo ari ikibazo niba - ni igihe.

Kutumva nabi 'Ubushobozi Buringaniye ' na 'Ubushobozi ntarengwa '

Kimwe mubikunze kutumvikana abashakashatsi babona ni urujijo hagati yubushobozi bwagenwe nubushobozi ntarengwa. Ubushobozi bugereranijwe nicyo spindle ishobora gukora ubudahwema kandi bwizewe mugihe cyateganijwe. Ubushobozi ntarengwa, kurundi ruhande, nicyo bushobora kubaho-muri make.

Abakiriya bakunze gufata umubare ntarengwa nkintego zo gukora. Ntarengwa RPM. Umutwaro ntarengwa. Imbaraga ntarengwa. Ariko kwiruka ku nkombe buri gihe ni nko gutwara imodoka kuri redline umunsi wose, buri munsi. Nibyo, irashobora kubikora - mugihe gito.

Ba injeniyeri bashushanya umutekano, ntabwo ari ubutumire. Iyo izo marge zikoreshwa buri munsi, ubuzima bwa spindle bugabanuka cyane. Kandi iyo gutsindwa amaherezo bibaye, akenshi biterwa nubuziranenge aho gukoresha nabi. Uku gutandukana nikimwe mubintu bitesha umutwe injeniyeri ufite imyaka mirongo murwego.

Ubwoba 1: Kurenza urugero Spindle Kurenga Imipaka Yayo

Gukoresha imizigo ya radiyo

Imizigo ya radiyo ni imbaraga zikoreshwa kuri perpendicular kuri axe ya spindle kandi ntishobora kwirindwa mubikorwa byinshi byo gusya. Buri spindle yateguwe hamwe nubushobozi bwihariye bwo gutwara imirasire, ibarwa naba injeniyeri hashingiwe ku bwoko bwo gutwara, gahunda yo gutwara, diameter ya shaft, intera yihuta, hamwe nuburyo buteganijwe bwo guca. Igikoresho cya diameter, ibikoresho birenga, ubukana bwibintu, ubujyakuzimu bwagabanijwe, nigipimo cyibiryo byose byakozwe muriyi mibare.

Ikibazo gitangira mugihe abakoresha bahisemo 'gusunika cyane. ' Kongera ubujyakuzimu bwo gukata, ukoresheje ibikoresho binini, kwagura uburebure bwibikoresho, cyangwa kuzamura igipimo cyibiryo utabanje kubara umutwaro bishobora gusa nkaho bitagize ingaruka mugihe gito. Nyuma ya byose, spindle ikomeza kuzunguruka, moteri ntigenda, kandi ibice biracyasohoka bisa nkibyemewe. Ariko imbere, ibyingenzi birashimangirwa birenze imipaka yabyo.

Imirasire irenze urugero ihindura inzira nyabagendwa, byongera imihangayiko yo guhuza ibintu bizunguruka, kandi bitera ubushyamirane budasanzwe. Ibi biganisha ku gushyushya ahantu hamwe no kwambara bitaringaniye. Igice kibi cyane nuko ntanumwe muribi uhita ugaragara. Uruziga rushobora kumvikana nkibisanzwe, urwego rwo kunyeganyega rushobora kuguma mu mbibi zemewe, kandi umusaruro urakomeza - mugihe ibyangiritse bidasubirwaho byegeranya bucece hamwe na buri gukata.

Gukoresha umutwaro wa Axial

Imizigo ya Axial ikora kumurongo wa spindle kandi ikunze kugaragara mubikorwa byo gusya, gukubita, no gusya. Abakoresha benshi bibwira ko niba moteri ya spindle ifite torque ihagije, spindle ubwayo irashobora gukora imikorere. Urebye kubijyanye na injeniyeri, iyi ni imwe mu myumvire itari yo iteye ubwoba mu gutunganya CNC.

Imyenda ntabwo yagenewe isi yose kugirango ikore imbaraga ziremereye. Ndetse na spindles ifite ibikoresho bifatanye bifatanye bifite imipaka ntarengwa yumuzigo hamwe ninshingano zinshingano. Gukomeza kwipakurura hejuru cyane cyane kumuvuduko mwinshi - byihuta cyane kwihanganira umunaniro. Mubikorwa byo gukanda, guhuza bidakwiye, ibikoresho bidahwitse, cyangwa kugaburira ibiryo bikabije birashobora kugwiza imbaraga za axial kurenza ibyo spindle yagenewe kwihanganira.

Ba injeniyeri barumirwa iyo babonye ibikorwa biremereye bya axial bikorwa inshuro nyinshi kuri spindles itagenewe iyo ntego. Iringana no gukoresha igikoresho gipima neza nkikibabi: gishobora kubaho inshuro nke, ariko ibyangiritse nibiteranya kandi ntibishobora kwirindwa. Iyo preload ya axial imaze guhungabana cyangwa kwifata hejuru yangiritse, spindle ntizigera isubira mubyukuri cyangwa igihe cyayo.

Ingaruka ndende zo kurenza urugero

Igituma imitwaro irenze urugero itera ubwoba ntabwo ari gutsindwa gutunguranye, ahubwo gutinda kunanirwa. Ntibikunze kunanirwa mugihe baremerewe. Ahubwo, ibice bya microscopique biba munsi yubuso bwumuhanda. Imiterere ya preload ihinduka buhoro buhoro. Amavuta yo kwisiga arasenyuka byoroshye. Urwego rwo kunyeganyega ruzamuka buhoro buhoro kuburyo abashoramari bamenyera nabo batabizi.

Nyuma y'ibyumweru cyangwa amezi, spindle itangira kwerekana ibimenyetso: ubushyuhe budasobanutse, kugabanuka kurangiza hejuru, ibimenyetso byibikoresho, cyangwa urusaku rudasanzwe kumuvuduko runaka. Amaherezo, spindle irananirana-akenshi mugihe gikora gisanzwe, ntabwo mugihe cyo gukata nabi cyangiritse. Icyo gihe, ikosa ryambere ryaribagiranye, kandi gutsindwa bisa nkamayobera kandi bidafite ishingiro.

Ukurikije injeniyeri, ibyo birananirana cyane. Nta kintu na kimwe gitangaje cyerekana, nta mikoreshereze igaragara yafashwe kuri kamera. Ibyangiritse byakozwe kera, bucece, inzira imwe iremereye icyarimwe. Kandi iyo spindle amaherezo ihagaze, igiciro kigera icyarimwe - igihe cyo hasi, gusimburwa, gutakaza umusaruro, hamwe nibiganiro bigoye byashoboraga kwirindwa hamwe no kumenya neza imitwaro kuva mugitangira.

Ubwoba 2: Kwiruka kumuvuduko utari mwiza kubikorwa bibi

Umuvuduko mwinshi ntabwo buri gihe ari mwiza

Kimwe mubisanzwe - kandi biteje akaga - ibitekerezo abakiriya batekereza nuko umuvuduko mwinshi wa spindle uhita uhwanye numusaruro mwinshi. Ukurikije injeniyeri, iyi mitekerereze iteye ubwoba. Umuvuduko wa spindle ntabwo ari trottle usunika kuri byinshi; ni imikorere ibarwa neza igomba guhuza igikoresho cyo gukata, ibikoresho byakazi, imashini ikomeye, hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro wa spindle ubwayo.

Mugihe umuvuduko wa spindle wiyongera, imbaraga za centrifugal zikora kumurongo uzamuka cyane, ntabwo byiyongera. Ibintu bizunguruka bihatirwa cyane kurwanya umuhanda, gutwara preload byiyongera neza, kandi guterana imbere bitanga ubushyuhe bwiyongera. Muri icyo gihe, firime zamavuta ziba zoroshye kandi ntizihamye, cyane cyane kuri RPM irambye. Ndetse ubusumbane bworoheje mubikoresho cyangwa ibikoresho-ntibishobora kwihuta kumuvuduko uringaniye - birashobora guhinduka isoko yingenzi yo kunyeganyega kumpera yo hejuru yumuvuduko.

Ba injeniyeri bashushanya spindles kugirango bakore neza mumabahasha yihuse, ntabwo babaho burundu kuri redline. Iyo abakiriya biruka kuri RPM ntarengwa mugihe kirekire, baracuruza neza ubuzima bwa spindle ubuzima bwabo kubwinyungu zigihe cyigihe. Igituma ibi cyane cyane bishuka nuko imikorere ikunze kugaragara neza mbere. Kurangiza ubuso birashobora gutera imbere, gukata bikumva neza, kandi numubare wumusaruro ugaragara neza - kugeza igihe ubushyuhe buzamutse, amavuta yo kugabanuka, hamwe numunaniro ukabije birenze gukira.

Duhereye ku bunararibonye, ​​abajenjeri bahita bamenya ubu buryo: ibisubizo bikomeye byigihe gito bikurikirwa no gutsindwa gutunguranye, guhenze bisa nkaho biva 'ntahantu. ' Mubyukuri, ibyangiritse byari byarahanuwe - kandi birashobora kwirindwa.

Umuvuduko muke wa Torque Ibihimbano

Ibinyuranye cyane, kwiruka kuzunguruka ku muvuduko muke munsi ya torque nini ni undi mwicanyi ucecetse abashakashatsi batinya cyane. Abakoresha benshi bemeza ko kugabanya RPM ihita igabanya imihangayiko kuri mashini. Kubwamahirwe, physics ntabwo ishyigikiye iki gitekerezo.

Ibikorwa byihuta nkibikorwa byo gucukura cyane, gukanda, cyangwa gukomeretsa ahantu hanini cyane imitwaro ya radiyo kuri radiyo. Niba spindle idakozwe kuri torque ndende kuri RPM yo hasi, imizigo yiyongera cyane mugihe amavuta yo kugabanuka agabanuka. Sisitemu nyinshi zamavuta- cyangwa amavuta-yibicu ashingiye kumavuta yishingikiriza kumuvuduko wo kuzenguruka kugirango ugabanye amavuta neza. Iyo umuvuduko ugabanutse cyane, amavuta yo kwisiga aba ataringaniye, byongera ibyago byo guhura nicyuma.

Ba injeniyeri babonye spindles yananiwe gutaka umuvuduko mwinshi, ariko biturutse kubikorwa bitinda, gusya bikorwa umunsi kumunsi. Imyanda irashyuha cyane, inzira nyabagendwa ihura nububabare bwo hejuru, kandi ibintu byabanjirije ibintu bigenda byangirika buhoro buhoro. Spindle ntishobora na rimwe gutera ubwoba, ariko ubuzima bwimbere bwayo buragabanuka.

Igice kidahangayikishije cyane ni ukutumvikana inyuma yibi kunanirwa. Abakiriya bizera rwose ko bakora neza, mugihe injeniyeri zishobora kubona neza ko zidahuye hagati yimiterere ya spindle nuburyo bukora. Intego nziza ntizirinda mugihe umutwaro, umuvuduko, hamwe no gusiga amavuta birengagijwe.

Kwishura ibyangiritse biterwa no gucunga nabi umuvuduko

Kwifata ni umutima nubugingo bya spindle, kandi gucunga nabi umuvuduko numwe mubanzi babo bakomeye. Imyenda ikozwe muburyo bwihariye bwihuta, ubushobozi bwo kwikorera, hamwe nuburyo bwo gusiga. Iyo umuvuduko wo gukora uguye hanze yibi bihe - haba hejuru cyane cyangwa hasi cyane - ibipimo byateganijwe byangiritse.

Umuvuduko ukabije uganisha ku gushyuha cyane, gusiga amavuta, kongera impinduka zimbere imbere, hamwe numunaniro wihuse. Umuvuduko udahagije utera gusaranganya amavuta nabi, kugabana umutwaro utaringaniye mubintu bizunguruka, hamwe no kwangirika kwubutaka. Muri ibyo bihe byombi, kubyara ubuzima bigabanuka cyane, akenshi nta bimenyetso bigaragara hakiri kare.

Ukurikije injeniyeri, ibyo kunanirwa birababaza cyane. Ibikoresho byatoranijwe binyuze mukubara neza, byemejwe mugupima, kandi bigashyirwaho mubihe bigenzurwa. Kubireba birananirana imburagihe kubera guhitamo umuvuduko udakwiye wumva ushaka kureba igikoresho cyacuranzwe na gants ya bokisi - nubwo cyubatswe neza, ntabwo cyigeze gihinduka amahirwe.

Niyo mpamvu abajenjeri bashimangira ko umuvuduko atari umubare gusa kuri panel. Nibishushanyo mbonera byingenzi. Iyo umuvuduko uhuye nakazi, spindles ikora ikonje, ituje, kandi ndende. Iyo bitabaye, gutsindwa ntabwo ari ikibazo cya 'niba, ' ariko 'igihe. '

Ubwoba 3: Kwirengagiza uburyo bushyushye

Impamvu Ubushuhe Bwingenzi Kurenza Ibyo Utekereza

Niba hari ingeso imwe abashakashatsi bifuza ko abakiriya bafatana uburemere, ni ugususuruka. Kureka uburyo bwo gususuruka ni nko kwiruka ako kanya ukangutse - birashobora gukora rimwe cyangwa kabiri, ariko amaherezo hari amarira.

Spindles ni inteko isobanutse. Iyo hakonje, ibice byimbere biri mubushyuhe butandukanye no kwihanganira. Imyenda, ibiti, n'inzu byaguka ku bipimo bitandukanye uko ubushyuhe buzamuka. Ubushyuhe bukabije butuma ibyo bice bigenda bihinduka buhoro buhoro, bigabanya imihangayiko yimbere no gukomeza guhuza.

Abakiriya bakunze kubona ubushyuhe nkubusa. Ba injeniyeri babona ko ari ubwishingizi buhendutse. Ubwoba buturuka ku kumenya umubare watsinzwe washoboraga kwirindwa mugihe abashoramari bamara iminota mike yinyongera bareka spindle ikagera kuburinganire bwumuriro.

Kwiyongera k'ubushyuhe no gutakaza neza

Imyitwarire yubushyuhe nimwe mubintu bigoye cyane byo gushushanya. Ba injeniyeri barayigana bitonze, ariko imiterere-yisi iracyafite akamaro. Iyo imbeho ikonje isunitswe ako kanya gukata cyane, kwaguka k'ubushyuhe kutaringaniye kurashobora gutera kudahuza by'agateganyo. Uku kudahuza byongera kunyeganyega, kwambara ibikoresho, no kwihanganira imihangayiko.

Igihe kirenze, isubiramo ryumuriro ryihutisha umunaniro mubice bikomeye. Gutesha agaciro ukuri. Ubuso burangije kubabara. Amaherezo, spindle itakaza neza neza yagenewe gutanga. Ukurikije injeniyeri, ibi ntabwo ari amayobera-ni ingaruka zahanurwa zo gukoresha nabi ubushyuhe.

Kunanirwa kwukuri guterwa n'ubukonje butangiye

Ba injeniyeri b'inararibonye barashobora gusuzuma amateka ya spindle mugusuzuma ibyananiranye. Uburyo bwo kwangirika buvuga inkuru. Kandi inyinshi murizo nkuru zitangirana nimbeho itangira munsi yumutwaro uremereye.

Amahano nuko inzira yo gususurutsa yoroshye, yanditse neza, kandi ntacyo itwaye. Nyamara bakunze kwirengagizwa. Uku gutandukana hagati yubworoherane ningaruka nibyo rwose bitera ubwoba.

Ubwoba 4: Ibikoresho bidafite ibikoresho no guhitamo ibikoresho

Abafite ibikoresho bihendutse: Ubukungu bwibinyoma

Ba injeniyeri bamara amasaha atabarika bashushanya spindles hamwe na micron-urwego rwukuri, gusa bakabona ko ibisobanuro byangijwe no guhitamo ibikoresho nabi. Abafite ibikoresho bihendutse nimwe muburyo bwihuse bwo kwangiza spindle nziza.

Abafite ubuziranenge buke bakunze guhura nuburinganire bubi, ibyuma bidahuye neza, hamwe nimbaraga zidakomeye. Ku muvuduko mwinshi, ndetse nudusembwa duto dutanga ihindagurika ryimura mu buryo butaziguye. Abakiriya barashobora kuzigama amafaranga imbere, ariko ikiguzi cyigihe kirekire kiratangaje.

Urebye kubijyanye na injeniyeri, ibi ni nko gushiraho amapine ahendutse kumodoka ikora cyane hanyuma ugashinja moteri mugihe hari ibitagenda neza.

Kuringaniza no Gukemura Ibibazo

Kuringaniza ibikoresho hamwe no kwiruka ni abanzi bacecetse. Abakoresha ntibashobora kubyumva, ariko spindles irabyumva. Kurenza urugero byongera imbaraga zo gukata ku buryo butaringaniye, bigatera imitwaro ya cycle itwara umunaniro imburagihe.

Ba injeniyeri bazi ko kuzunguruka ari byiza gusa nkibikoresho bifatanye. Iyo abakiriya bavanze imashini zisobanutse hamwe nuburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha ibikoresho, gutsindwa biba byanze bikunze.

Nigute Igikoresho Cyangiza Cyangiza Spindles

Igiteye ubwoba injeniyeri nuburyo buryo bwihuse ibikoresho bibi bishobora gukuraho imyaka yo gushushanya neza. Uruziga rugomba kumara imyaka icumi rushobora kurimburwa mumezi iyo ruhuye nubusumbane burigihe no kunyeganyega.

Kandi iyo gutsindwa bibaye, ibikoresho ntibikunze kubiryozwa. Spindle yanditseho 'intege nke ' cyangwa 'ubuziranenge, ' nubwo itigeze ihabwa amahirwe akwiye.

Ubwoba 5: Kwirengagiza Amavuta na Sisitemu

Amavuta hamwe n'amavuta yo mu kirere

Gusiga amavuta ntabwo ari ubushake-ni inkunga y'ubuzima kuri spindle. Urebye mubyubuhanga, ibyuma ntibishobora gukoreshwa wenyine; birananirana iyo firime yo gusiga itandukanya ibyuma byacitse. Niyo mpamvu abajenjeri bahitamo uburyo bwo gusiga amavuta hamwe nubwitonzi bukabije, bushingiye ku muvuduko wa spindle, ubwoko bwubwoko, imiterere yimizigo, hamwe ninshingano ziteganijwe.

Amavuta asizwe amavuta yagenewe ubworoherane no kwizerwa, ariko ntabwo arubusa. Amavuta agabanuka mugihe bitewe nubushyuhe, kogosha imashini, no kwanduza. Iyo amavuta atujujwe mugihe gikwiye - cyangwa mugihe ubwoko bwamavuta butari bwo bwakoreshejwe - burakomera, butandukanya, cyangwa butakaza amavuta yo gusiga. Imyambarire noneho ikora ishyushye, guterana kwiyongera, no kwambara byihuse.

Sisitemu yo gusiga amavuta-ikirere, kurundi ruhande, yagenewe porogaramu yihuse aho gutanga amavuta neza ari ngombwa. Izi sisitemu zishingiye ku mwuka mwiza, wumye hamwe no gutanga amavuta ahoraho. Umurongo ufunze, ububobere bwamavuta butari bwo, umwuka wanduye, cyangwa igipimo cyo gutanga kidahuye kirashobora kwicwa ninzara muminota mike. Ba injeniyeri batinya kunanirwa kwamavuta-mwuka kuko sisitemu irashobora kugaragara nkimikorere mugihe icecekeye itanga amavuta adahagije.

Muri ibyo bihe byombi, ibibazo byo gusiga akenshi ntibigaragara. Ntabwo hashobora kubaho impuruza, nta rusaku rugaragara, kandi nta gutakaza imikorere byihuse - kugeza igihe ibibanza byangiritse bimaze kwangirika birenze gusanwa.

Ingaruka zo kwanduza ubukonje

Kwinjiza ubukonje muri spindle ni imwe mu nzira zihuta zo gutsindwa kw'ibiza. Ikidodo cya spindle cyakozwe kugirango gihangane n’umuvuduko wihariye, icyerekezo gitemba, n’ibidukikije. Iyo umuvuduko ukonje urenze urugero, uyobowe nabi, cyangwa uhujwe no gufata neza kashe, ubwo bwirinzi burashobora kurengerwa.

Iyo coolant imaze kwinjira mu cyumba cyabigenewe, ibintu byangirika vuba. Amavuta yo kwisiga arayungurura cyangwa arakaraba, ruswa itangira hafi ako kanya, kandi hejuru yubutaka byangiza imiti nubukanishi. Ndetse na bike byanduye bikonje birashobora gusenya ibintu bifatika mugihe gito gitangaje.

Urebye kubijyanye na injeniyeri, kunanirwa bijyanye na coolant birababaje cyane kuko burigihe birinda. Kugenzura neza umuvuduko ukonje, gukosora umwanya wa nozzle, kugenzura buri gihe kashe, hamwe nuburyo bwo gufata neza bigabanya ingaruka. Iyo ibi shingiro byirengagijwe, spindle yishura igiciro.

Amakosa mato yo gufata neza, ibyangiritse cyane

Igiteye ubwoba rwose injeniyeri nuburyo kugenzura bito bishobora kuganisha ku byangiritse bikomeye, bidasubirwaho. Amavuta yabuze. Akayunguruzo k'amavuta-ikirere. Kumeneka bikwiranye 'ntabwo aribi bibi. ' Buri kimwe muribi gisa nkigifite akamaro mu bwigunge, ariko hamwe birema ibintu bidashobora kubaho neza.

Spindles ntabwo yihanganira kwirengagiza neza. Amavuta amaze kunanirwa cyangwa kwanduza gutangira, ibyangiritse byihuta cyane. Imyambarire irashyuha, inzira nyabagendwa iragwa, preload irasenyuka, hamwe no guhindagurika. Icyo gihe, gukira ntibikiri amahitamo-gusimburwa gusa.

Urebye kubijyanye na injeniyeri, ibyago ntabwo ari ikiguzi cya spindle ubwayo, ahubwo ni uburyo byoroshye gutsindwa byakwirindwa. Indero yoroshye, cheque yibanze, no kubaha amavuta yo gukonjesha no gukonjesha birinda ishoramari rifite agaciro k'ibihumbi icumi by'amadolari.

Mu kurangiza, gusiga no gukonjesha ntabwo ari sisitemu yo gushyigikira-ni sisitemu yibanze. Ntiwirengagize, ndetse nigishushanyo cyiza cya spindle kizananirwa vuba kurenza uko byakagombye.

Ubwoba 6: Kwinjiza no Guhuza bidakwiye

Amakosa yo Kwishyiriraho Abashakashatsi Reba Kenshi

Ndetse na spindle yakozwe neza cyane irashobora guhungabana mumasaha yambere yubuzima bwayo niba yarashizweho nabi. Ba injeniyeri bakunze guhura na spindles yashizwemo imbaraga zingana zingana, indangagaciro za torque zitari zo, amazu yagoretse, cyangwa hejuru yimisozi yanduye. Umukungugu, chip, burrs, cyangwa na firime yoroheje yamavuta yafatiwe hagati ya spindle hamwe nisura igenda irashobora kuzana imihangayiko no kwiruka mbere yuko imashini itangira gukata.

Torque idakwiye nimwe mumakosa akunze kugaragara. Kurenza-gukomera kwishyiriraho birashobora kugoreka amazu ya spindle, guhindura imbere guhuza imbere na preload. Ku rundi ruhande, gukomera cyane, bituma mikoro igenda mu gihe ikora, iganisha ku kwangirika no kugabanuka buhoro buhoro. Ibintu byombi byerekana gucecekesha imikorere ya spindle.

Abakiriya bakeka ko kwishyiriraho ari intambwe yoroshye yubukanishi - kuyihuza, guhuza imbaraga, no gutangira gukora. Ba injeniyeri barabizi neza. Kwiyubaka ntabwo ari inteko gusa; niyaguka ryanyuma ryibikorwa bya spindle. Ikosa rimwe muriki cyiciro rishobora gusiba imyaka yuburyo bwitondewe, gusya neza, hamwe no guhuza, kugabanya ubuzima bwa spindle kuburyo butangaje nubwo ibicuruzwa ubwabyo ari byiza.

Kudahuza n'ingaruka za Domino

Kudahuza ni kimwe mubibazo byangiza kandi bitumvikana cyane abajenjeri bahura nabyo murwego. Iyo spindle idahuye neza nimiterere yimashini, igikoresho cyibikoresho, cyangwa ibinyabiziga bigendana, imitwaro yimbere yimbere iba idahwanye. Imyenda imwe itwara imitwaro irenze iyo yagenewe, mugihe izindi zikora hanze yuburyo bwiza bwo guhuza.

Ingaruka zihita zishobora kuba zoroshye: kunyeganyega gato hejuru, kuzamuka kwubushyuhe buke, cyangwa kurangiza hejuru bidahuye. Igihe kirenze, ariko, ingaruka zirahari. Imyenda yambara itaringaniye, guhinduranya preload, firime yo gusiga irasenyuka, kandi urwego rwo kunyeganyega rwiyongera gahoro gahoro. Buri kibazo kigaburira igikurikira, kigakora ingaruka ya domino yihutisha gutsindwa.

Igituma kudahuza cyane cyane biteye ubwoba nuburyo bukora bucece. Ntabwo hashobora kubaho impuruza, nta rusaku rugaragara, kandi nta mikorere itangaje igabanuka. Spindle ikomeje kugenda, ibice bikomeza koherezwa, kandi ibyangiritse birundanya bitagaragara. Mugihe kunanirwa bibaye, intandaro irashyingurwa cyane kuburyo akenshi biterwa na 'kwifata nabi ' cyangwa 'kwambara bisanzwe, ' aho kuba ikosa ryo guhuza ryatangiye byose.

Kunyeganyega: Umwicanyi Wicecekeye

Ba injeniyeri bahangayikishijwe no kunyeganyega kuko ni ibimenyetso kandi bitera hafi ya buri kintu cyananiranye. Kwishyiriraho nabi no kudahuza biri muburyo bwihuse bwo kwinjiza ibinyeganyega muri sisitemu yagenewe gukora neza.

Iyo kunyeganyega bimaze kuboneka, byongera ibindi bibazo byose. Kwihanganira umunaniro byihuta, ibifunga birekura, ubuzima bwibikoresho buragabanuka, kandi kurangiza birangirika. Amavuta yo gusiga ahinduka adahindagurika, ahindura imikoranire muburyo bwo kunyerera. Ubushyuhe burazamuka, impinduka zirahinduka, kandi spindle itakaza buhoro buhoro.

Akaga nyako ni ibisanzwe. Abakoresha bamenyereye amajwi. Amatsinda yo gufata neza yemera kunyeganyega nka 'uko iyi mashini yamye.

Kwishyiriraho neza no guhuza ntabwo aribikorwa byiza; nibisabwa byingenzi kugirango spindle ibeho. Iyo bikozwe neza, spindle ikora ituje, neza, kandi byateganijwe. Iyo bikozwe nabi, ntanuburyo bwiza bwo gushushanya bushobora kubika.

Ubwoba 7: Kwirengagiza ibimenyetso byo kuburira hakiri kare

Urusaku, Ubushyuhe, na Vibrasiya Ibendera ritukura

Ntibisanzwe kunanirwa nta nteguza. Kera cyane mbere yuko ibyangiritse bibaho, hariho ibimenyetso - bito, birukanwe byoroshye impinduka abahanga babimenyereye bahita bamenya. Guhindura gato mumajwi mugihe cyo kwihuta. Ubushyuhe butembera hejuru yubusanzwe nyuma yigihe kirekire. Kunyeganyega gucitse intege bitari bihari ukwezi gushize. Ibi ntabwo ari impanuka; ni spindle ivugana akababaro.

Ba injeniyeri batojwe kumva imashini, ntabwo bapima gusa. Bazi uko spindle nzima isa nuburyo yitwara mumuvuduko utandukanye n'imizigo. Iyo ubwo buryo bwahindutse, nubwo bwihishe, butera impungenge ako kanya. Urusaku, ubushyuhe, hamwe no kunyeganyega ni ibintu bitatu byizewe kare byerekana ko ikintu kiri imbere muri spindle kitagikora nkuko cyateguwe.

Ikitera ubukonje umugongo wa injeniyeri nijambo abakiriya bakunze gukoresha kugirango bamagane ibi bimenyetso: 'Buri gihe byumvikana gutya, ' cyangwa 'Bimaze imyaka bishyushye. ' Urebye mubyubuhanga, ayo magambo mubisanzwe bivuze ko ibimenyetso byo kuburira byirengagijwe igihe kirekire kugirango ibyangiritse byimbere byimbere bikomeze gukorwa.

Impamvu Abakoresha Basanzwe Imyitwarire idasanzwe

Abantu bafite ubuhanga budasanzwe bwo kumenyera, no gutunganya ibidukikije, ubwo bushobozi bushobora guteza akaga. Abakoresha bakorana imashini imwe buri munsi. Buhoro buhoro impinduka zijwi, ubushyuhe, cyangwa kunyeganyega bibaho gahoro gahoro kuburyo bihuza inyuma. Icyigeze gukurura impungenge amaherezo cyumva ari ibisanzwe.

Ba injeniyeri batinya ibi bisanzwe kuko bikuraho byihutirwa mubibazo bisaba kwitabwaho byihuse. Umuzunguruko urangurura ijwi buri kwezi ntabwo utera impuruza, ariko imbere, kwifata hejuru biragenda byangirika kandi preload igenda isohoka. Mugihe impinduka zigaragaye, ibyangiritse akenshi ntibisubirwaho.

Ibi ntabwo ari uburangare - ni psychologiya. Umuvuduko wumusaruro, gahunda ihamye, hamwe nicyifuzo cyo kwirinda amasaha yo hasi byose bishishikariza abashoramari gukomeza gukora mugihe imashini ikibyara ibice. Ba injeniyeri basobanukiwe niyi mikazo, ariko kandi bazi ko kwirengagiza ibimenyetso byo kuburira hakiri kare bidakuraho ikibazo. Irabisubika gusa, mugihe byongera cyane igiciro cyanyuma.

Igiciro cya 'Kubikora kugeza binaniwe '

Urebye mubuhanga, 'koresha kugeza binaniwe ' nimwe mungamba zihenze zo kubungabunga bishoboka. Iyo spindle yananiwe ibiza, ntibikunze kubikora mu bwigunge. Imyenda ifata, amanota ya shaft, amazu arahinduka, imyanda ikwirakwira hose hanyuma rimwe na rimwe ikinjira muri mashini ubwayo.

Ibyangiritse akenshi birenze ibirenga. Abakoresha ibikoresho barangiritse. Ibikorwa byakuweho. Ibikoresho byangiritse. Mubihe bikomeye, imiterere yimashini cyangwa sisitemu yo gutwara ibintu byangiritse. Icyari kuba giteganijwe kwishyiriraho gusimbuza cyangwa guhuza bihinduka mugihe cyo guteganya igihe, gusana byihutirwa, no gutakaza umusaruro.

Ba injeniyeri bazi ko gutabara hakiri kare bizigama amafaranga, igihe, no guhangayika. Gukemura urusaku, ubushyuhe, cyangwa kunyeganyega ku kimenyetso cya mbere akenshi bisobanura kubungabunga bike aho gusimburwa byuzuye. Ikibazo ni ukumvisha abakiriya ko guhagarika imashini hakiri kare bitananirana - ni icyemezo cyubwenge.

Kuri injeniyeri, gutsindwa bikubabaje cyane nibyo byakumiriwe neza. Ibyapa byo kuburira byari bihari. Spindle yasabaga ubufasha. Ntabwo byigeze byumvwa mugihe.

Wubahe Spindle, Wubahe Imashini

Nyuma yimyaka 20 muri injeniyeri, ubwoba bukomeye ntabwo bugoye, tekinoroji igezweho, cyangwa gusaba ibisabwa - ni ugukoresha nabi. Ibizunguruka bigezweho nibikorwa bitangaje byubuhanga bwuzuye. Bahuza micron-urwego rwo kwihanganira, guhuza neza neza, sisitemu yo gusiga neza, hamwe nimyaka yo gutunganya neza. Ariko niyo yaba ateye imbere gute, spindles ntishobora kurimburwa.

Kunanirwa kwa spindle ntabwo ari ibisubizo byubushakashatsi bubi cyangwa inenge zakozwe. Nibisubizo byubwumvikane buke, shortcuts zafashwe mukibazo cyumusaruro, nibyemezo byafashwe utabanje gusuzuma neza imipaka ifatika ya sisitemu. Gusunika imitwaro iremereye, kwiruka ku muvuduko utari wo, kwirengagiza uburyo bwo kwishyiriraho, cyangwa kwirukana ibimenyetso byo kuburira hakiri kare birashobora gutuma umusaruro ugenda uno munsi - ariko baguza bucece igihe cyigihe kizaza.

Kubaha spindle bisobanura kubaha physics. Bisobanura kumva ko umutwaro, umuvuduko, gusiga, guhuza, no kunyeganyega atari ibyifuzo-ni ibisabwa. Bisobanura gukurikiza uburyo bukwiye bwo kwishyiriraho no kubungabunga, guhitamo ibipimo bikora nkana, no gusubiza vuba mugihe ikintu kitunvikana neza.

Iyo abakiriya naba injeniyeri bakoranye - gusangira ubumenyi, kubaha intego yo gushushanya, no gufata ibyemezo byuzuye - spindles itanga imikorere idasanzwe, ukuri, no kuramba. Bakoresha ubukonje, bucece, kandi byizewe. Isaha yo kugabanuka iragabanuka. Ibiciro birahagaze. Kwizera imashini biriyongera.

Iyo ubwo bufatanye buhagaritse, ariko, nuburyo bwiza bwa spindle amaherezo birananirana. Ntabwo mu buryo butunguranye, ntabwo butangaje - ariko birashoboka.

Spindle yubahwa izaguhemba imyaka myinshi yumurimo wizewe. A spindle yirengagijwe izahora ikusanya ibiciro byayo amaherezo.